Answer:
The Day of Atonement is fulfilled with the Messiah. This concept is taught in the Old Testament in Isaiah 52:13–53:12. Here the Messiah is pictured as the final Day of Atonement sacrifice which contains the concept of substitution and the concept of atonement. Contextually, Isaiah 52:13–53:12 is not only a prophecy of the Crucifixion, it is also the words of Israel’s confession of her national sin for salvation as a nation.
The key element of the Day of Atonement is the element of affliction. In the biblical practice, it was the affliction of the soul. In the Jewish practice, it is the affliction of the body. The Day of Atonement is to be fulfilled by the Great Tribulation where both types of affliction will be present. It is no accident that the Tribulation is often referred to in the Scriptures by the term affliction. It is a time of tremendous affliction in fulfillment of the affliction of the Day of Atonement. During the Great Tribulation, there will be the affliction of both the body and the soul.
The affliction of the body of Israel is detailed by Hosea 5:15–6:3 when Israel as a nation will be afflicted during the course of the Great Tribulation. Hosea 5:15 states: I will go and return to my place, till they acknowledge their offence, and seek my face: in their affliction they will seek me earnestly.
Zechariah 13:8–9 also details this affliction that will destroy two-thirds of the nation of that day and leads to a second type of affliction: the affliction of the soul.
The affliction of the soul is given in Zechariah 12:10–13:1 when the Spirit is poured out on the people of Israel, and they will then “look unto the One they pierced and mourn for Him as one mourns for an only son.” The national regeneration of Israel will come by means of the afflictions of the Great Tribulation and that, in turn, will lead to Israel’s confession of her national offense with the words of Isaiah 53:1–9.
The Feast of Trumpets is to be fulfilled by the Rapture of the Church, and the Day of Atonement is to be fulfilled by the Tribulation. Just as the Feast of Trumpets precedes the Day of Atonement, by the same token, the Rapture will precede the Great Tribulation.
Extract from Dr Arnold Fruchtenbaum, Ariel Ministries Messianic Bible Study MBS062 'The Feasts of Israel' (San Antonio, TX.) pgs 24-25
